Wrocław ,Czech: Vratislav is the chief city in south-western Poland, situated on the River Oder (Polish: Odra). Wrocław is the former capital of Silesia and today, capital of Lower Silesian Voivodeship. Over the centuries, the city has been either part of Poland, Bohemia, Austria, Prussia or Germany. According to official population figures for June 2009, its population is 632,240, making it the 3rd largest city in Poland.
The city's name was first recorded in the year 1000 by Thietmar's Latin chronicle called Thietmari Merseburgensis episcopi Chronicon as Wrotizlawa. The first municipal seal stated Sigillum civitatis Wratislavie. A simplified name is given, in 1175, as Wrezlaw, Prezla or Breslaw. The Czech spelling was used in Latin documents as Wratislavia or Vratislavia. At that time, Prezla was used in Middle High German, which became Preßlau. In the middle of the 14th century the Early New High German (and later New High German) form of the name Breslau began to replace its earlier versions. The city is traditionally believed to be named after Wrocisław or Vratislav, often believed to be Duke Vratislaus I of Bohemia. It is also possible that the city was named after the tribal duke of the Silesians or after an early ruler of the city called Vratislav. The city's name in various foreign languages include in English: Breslau, Hungarian: Boroszló, Latin: Vratislavia or Budorgis, Hebrew: ורוצלב (Vrotsláv), Yiddish: ברעסלוי / Brasloi, Czech: Vratislav, Slovak: Vratislav or Vroclav, Belarusian: Уроцлаў (Urocłaŭ), and Silesian German: Brassel. Names of Wrocław in other languages are also available. History Main article
History of Wrocław
Wrocław Cathedral in the oldest district of Ostrów Tumski The city of Wrocław originated as a Bohemian stronghold at the intersection of two trade routes, the Via Regia and the Amber Road. The city was first recorded in the 10th century as Vratislavia, possibly derived from the name of a Bohemian duke Vratislav I. Its initial extent was limited to district of Ostrów Tumski (the Cathedral Island, German: Dominsel). Centennial Hall in Wrocław* UNESCO World Heritage Site State Party Poland Type Cultural Criteria i, ii, iv Reference 1165 Region** Europe and North America Inscription history Inscription 2006 (30th Session) * Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. ** Region as classified by UNESCO.
Middle Ages During Wrocław's early history, its control changed hands between Bohemia (until 992, then 1038-1054), the Kingdom of Poland (992-1038 and 1054–1202), and, after the fragmentation of the Kingdom of Poland, the Piast-ruled duchy of Silesia. One of the most important events in those times was the foundation of the Diocese of Wrocław by the Polish Duke (from 1025 king) Bolesław the Brave in 1000, which, together with the Bishoprics of Kraków and Kołobrzeg, was placed under the Archbishopric of Gniezno in Greater Poland, founded by Otto III in 1000. In the first half of the 13th century Wrocław even became the political centre of the divided Polish kingdom.The city became a commercial centre and expanded to Wyspa Piaskowa (Sand Island, German: Sandinsel), then to the left bank of the River Oder. Around 1000, the town had 1000 inhabitants. By 1139, a settlement belonging to Governor Piotr Włostowic (a.k.a Piotr Włast Dunin) was built, and another was founded on the left bank of the River Oder, near the present seat of the university. While the city was Polish, there were also communities of Bohemians, Jews, Walloons and Germans.[5] The city was devastated in 1241 during the Mongol invasion of Europe. The inhabitants burned the city to force the Mongols to a quick withdrawal. Afterwards the town was repopulated by Germans(see: Ostsiedlung), who became the dominant ethnic group, though the city remained multi-ethnic as an important trading city on the Via Regia and Amber Road. "Breslau", the Germanised name of the city, appeared for the first time in written records. The city council used Latin and German languages.
Napoleonic Wars
During the Napoleonic Wars, Breslau was occupied by an army of the Confederation of the Rhine. The fortifications of the city were leveled and monasteries and cloisters were secularised. The Protestant Viadrina University of Frankfurt (Oder) was relocated to Breslau in 1811, and united with the local Jesuit University to create the new Silesian Frederick-William University (Schlesische Friedrich-Wilhelm-Universität, now University of Wrocław). The city became the centre of the German Liberation movement against Napoleon, and the gathering place for volunteers from all over Germany, with the Iron Cross military decoration founded by Frederick William III of Prussia in early March 1813. The city was the centre of Prussian mobilisation for the campaign which ended at Leipzig.
World War II and afterwards
For most of World War II, the fighting did not affect Breslau. In 1941 the remnants of pre-war Polish minority in the city, as well as Polish slave labourers organised resistance group called Olimp. As the war lengthened, refugees from bombed-out German cities, and later refugees from farther east, swelled the population to nearly one million.,including 51,000 forced labourers in 1944, and 9876 Allied PoWs, at the end of 1944 an additional 30,000-60,000 Poles were moved into the city after Germans crushed the Warsaw Uprising In February 1945 the Soviet Red Army approached the city. Gauleiter Karl Hanke declared the city a Festung (fortress) to be held at all costs. Hanke finally lifted a ban on the evacuation of women and children when it was almost too late. During his poorly organised evacuation in January 1945, 18,000 people froze to death in icy snowstorms and −20 °C (−4 °F) weather. By the end of the Siege of Breslau, half the city had been destroyed. An estimated 40,000 civilians lay dead in the ruins of homes and factories. After a siege of nearly three months, Hanke surrendered on 6 May 1945, just before the end of the war. Along with almost all of Lower Silesia, the city became part of Poland under the terms of the Potsdam Conference. The Polish name of Wrocław became its official name. There had been some discussion among the Western Allies to mark the southern Polish-German boundary on the Glatzer Neisse; this would have meant that post-war Germany would have been allowed to retain approximately half of Silesia, including Breslau. However the Soviets insisted that the border be drawn at the Lusatian Neisse farther west. Most remaining German inhabitants in Wrocław fled or were forcibly expelled from Wrocław between 1945 and 1949 and moved to Allied Occupation Zones in Germany. A small German minority remains in the city till this day,although the city's last German school closed in 1963. The Polish population was dramatically increased by government resettlement of Poles during postwar population transfers (75%) as well as during the forced deportations from Polish lands annexed by the Soviet Union in the east region. Wrocław is now a unique European city of mixed heritage, with architecture influenced by Bohemian, Austrian and Prussian traditions, such as Silesian Gothic and its Baroque style of court builders of Habsburg Austria (Fischer von Erlach). Wrocław has a number of notable buildings by German modernist architects including the famous Centennial Hall (Hala Stulecia or Jahrhunderthalle) (1911–1913) designed by Max Berg. In July 1997, the city was heavily affected by a flood of the River Oder, the worst flooding in post-war Poland, Germany and the Czech Republic. Around ⅓ of the city's area stood under water.An earlier equally devastating flood of the river took place in 1903.[edit] Administration Wrocław is the capital city of Lower Silesian Voivodeship, a province (voivodeship) created in 1999. It was previously the seat of Wrocław Voivodeship. The city is a separate urban gmina and city county (powiat). It is also the seat of Wrocław County, which adjoins but does not include the city. Wrocław was subdivided into five boroughs (dzielnicas): Fabryczna ("Factory Quarter") Krzyki, (German: Krietern, meaning "Wranglers") Psie Pole (German: Hundsfeld, "Dogs' Field", named so after the alleged Battle of Hundsfeld or poor quality of the fields) Stare Miasto (old town) Śródmieście (city center) Now it is divided into 48 osiedles. Main sights Rynek (market square, originally German: Ring with the 14th century Town Hall Kościół Św. Elżbiety ("St. Elisabeth's Church") Hala Stulecia ("Centennial Hall", originally German: Jahrhunderthalle) by Max Berg – a World Heritage Site Multimedia Fountain City Stadium — arena Euro 2012 Szczytnicki Park with Japanese Garden University of Wrocław Zoo Botanical garden Ostrów Tumski ("Cathedral Island", German: Dominsel) with Wrocław Cathedral Panorama Racławicka ("Racławice Panorama") Wrocław water tower Renoma, a 1930s department store of architectural interest over and above its shopping value Wrocław Palace White Stork Synagogue Wrocław Main Station Plac Grunwaldzki ("Grunwaldzki Square", named for the Battle of Grunwald) Museum of Architecture
Transport
Wrocław has easy access to the A4 motorway, which allows for quick connection with Upper Silesia, Kraków and finally Ukraine to the east and Dresden and Berlin to the west. Now an A8 motorway (Wrocław ring road) and S8 express road are being built, which will connect Wrocław and Warsaw. The city is served by Wrocław International Airport and a river port. Public transport in Wrocław consists of many bus lines and over 20 tram lines operated by MPK (Miejskie Przedsiębiorstwo Komunikacyjne/The Municipal Transport Company). Today, a fast tram line is being built to connect the eastern part of city with the stadium and airport.
Major corporations
AB SA, Wrocław American Restaurants sp. z o.o.,
Wrocław Cargill Poland CH Robinson Worldwide,
Wroclaw DeLaval Operations Poland Sp. z o. o.
Europejski Fundusz Leasingowy SA,
Wrocław Fortum Wrocław S.A.,
Wrocław Google,
Wrocław Grupa Lukas,
Wrocław Hewlett Packard,
Wrocław Hologram Industries Polska Hutmen SA,
Wrocław Impel SA,
Wrocław Intakus SA,
Wrocław Kinnarps Poland Sp z.o.o
KOGENERACJA S.A.,
Wrocław Microsoft Militaria.pl,
Wrocław MSI (Micro Star International) Polska Sp. z o. o.
Nokia Siemens Networks Sp z o.o
Polifarb Cieszyn-Wrocław SA,
Wrocław SAP Polska Siemens,
Wrocław Swiftway / Eureka Solutions sp. z o.o.,
Wrocław Telefonia Dialog SA,
Wrocław Tieto,
Wrocław UPM Raflatac Volvo Polska sp. z o.o.,
Wrocław WABCO Polska,
Wrocław Whirlpool Polar Wrozamet SA,
Wrocław Zender sp. z o.o.
Wrocław Cathedral in the oldest district of Ostrów Tumski The city of Wrocław originated as a Bohemian stronghold at the intersection of two trade routes, the Via Regia and the Amber Road. The city was first recorded in the 10th century as Vratislavia, possibly derived from the name of a Bohemian duke Vratislav I. Its initial extent was limited to district of Ostrów Tumski (the Cathedral Island, German: Dominsel). Centennial Hall in Wrocław* UNESCO World Heritage Site State Party Poland Type Cultural Criteria i, ii, iv Reference 1165 Region** Europe and North America Inscription history Inscription 2006 (30th Session) * Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. ** Region as classified by UNESCO.
Middle Ages During Wrocław's early history, its control changed hands between Bohemia (until 992, then 1038-1054), the Kingdom of Poland (992-1038 and 1054–1202), and, after the fragmentation of the Kingdom of Poland, the Piast-ruled duchy of Silesia. One of the most important events in those times was the foundation of the Diocese of Wrocław by the Polish Duke (from 1025 king) Bolesław the Brave in 1000, which, together with the Bishoprics of Kraków and Kołobrzeg, was placed under the Archbishopric of Gniezno in Greater Poland, founded by Otto III in 1000. In the first half of the 13th century Wrocław even became the political centre of the divided Polish kingdom.The city became a commercial centre and expanded to Wyspa Piaskowa (Sand Island, German: Sandinsel), then to the left bank of the River Oder. Around 1000, the town had 1000 inhabitants. By 1139, a settlement belonging to Governor Piotr Włostowic (a.k.a Piotr Włast Dunin) was built, and another was founded on the left bank of the River Oder, near the present seat of the university. While the city was Polish, there were also communities of Bohemians, Jews, Walloons and Germans.[5] The city was devastated in 1241 during the Mongol invasion of Europe. The inhabitants burned the city to force the Mongols to a quick withdrawal. Afterwards the town was repopulated by Germans(see: Ostsiedlung), who became the dominant ethnic group, though the city remained multi-ethnic as an important trading city on the Via Regia and Amber Road. "Breslau", the Germanised name of the city, appeared for the first time in written records. The city council used Latin and German languages.
Napoleonic Wars
During the Napoleonic Wars, Breslau was occupied by an army of the Confederation of the Rhine. The fortifications of the city were leveled and monasteries and cloisters were secularised. The Protestant Viadrina University of Frankfurt (Oder) was relocated to Breslau in 1811, and united with the local Jesuit University to create the new Silesian Frederick-William University (Schlesische Friedrich-Wilhelm-Universität, now University of Wrocław). The city became the centre of the German Liberation movement against Napoleon, and the gathering place for volunteers from all over Germany, with the Iron Cross military decoration founded by Frederick William III of Prussia in early March 1813. The city was the centre of Prussian mobilisation for the campaign which ended at Leipzig.
World War II and afterwards
For most of World War II, the fighting did not affect Breslau. In 1941 the remnants of pre-war Polish minority in the city, as well as Polish slave labourers organised resistance group called Olimp. As the war lengthened, refugees from bombed-out German cities, and later refugees from farther east, swelled the population to nearly one million.,including 51,000 forced labourers in 1944, and 9876 Allied PoWs, at the end of 1944 an additional 30,000-60,000 Poles were moved into the city after Germans crushed the Warsaw Uprising In February 1945 the Soviet Red Army approached the city. Gauleiter Karl Hanke declared the city a Festung (fortress) to be held at all costs. Hanke finally lifted a ban on the evacuation of women and children when it was almost too late. During his poorly organised evacuation in January 1945, 18,000 people froze to death in icy snowstorms and −20 °C (−4 °F) weather. By the end of the Siege of Breslau, half the city had been destroyed. An estimated 40,000 civilians lay dead in the ruins of homes and factories. After a siege of nearly three months, Hanke surrendered on 6 May 1945, just before the end of the war. Along with almost all of Lower Silesia, the city became part of Poland under the terms of the Potsdam Conference. The Polish name of Wrocław became its official name. There had been some discussion among the Western Allies to mark the southern Polish-German boundary on the Glatzer Neisse; this would have meant that post-war Germany would have been allowed to retain approximately half of Silesia, including Breslau. However the Soviets insisted that the border be drawn at the Lusatian Neisse farther west. Most remaining German inhabitants in Wrocław fled or were forcibly expelled from Wrocław between 1945 and 1949 and moved to Allied Occupation Zones in Germany. A small German minority remains in the city till this day,although the city's last German school closed in 1963. The Polish population was dramatically increased by government resettlement of Poles during postwar population transfers (75%) as well as during the forced deportations from Polish lands annexed by the Soviet Union in the east region. Wrocław is now a unique European city of mixed heritage, with architecture influenced by Bohemian, Austrian and Prussian traditions, such as Silesian Gothic and its Baroque style of court builders of Habsburg Austria (Fischer von Erlach). Wrocław has a number of notable buildings by German modernist architects including the famous Centennial Hall (Hala Stulecia or Jahrhunderthalle) (1911–1913) designed by Max Berg. In July 1997, the city was heavily affected by a flood of the River Oder, the worst flooding in post-war Poland, Germany and the Czech Republic. Around ⅓ of the city's area stood under water.An earlier equally devastating flood of the river took place in 1903.[edit] Administration Wrocław is the capital city of Lower Silesian Voivodeship, a province (voivodeship) created in 1999. It was previously the seat of Wrocław Voivodeship. The city is a separate urban gmina and city county (powiat). It is also the seat of Wrocław County, which adjoins but does not include the city. Wrocław was subdivided into five boroughs (dzielnicas): Fabryczna ("Factory Quarter") Krzyki, (German: Krietern, meaning "Wranglers") Psie Pole (German: Hundsfeld, "Dogs' Field", named so after the alleged Battle of Hundsfeld or poor quality of the fields) Stare Miasto (old town) Śródmieście (city center) Now it is divided into 48 osiedles. Main sights Rynek (market square, originally German: Ring with the 14th century Town Hall Kościół Św. Elżbiety ("St. Elisabeth's Church") Hala Stulecia ("Centennial Hall", originally German: Jahrhunderthalle) by Max Berg – a World Heritage Site Multimedia Fountain City Stadium — arena Euro 2012 Szczytnicki Park with Japanese Garden University of Wrocław Zoo Botanical garden Ostrów Tumski ("Cathedral Island", German: Dominsel) with Wrocław Cathedral Panorama Racławicka ("Racławice Panorama") Wrocław water tower Renoma, a 1930s department store of architectural interest over and above its shopping value Wrocław Palace White Stork Synagogue Wrocław Main Station Plac Grunwaldzki ("Grunwaldzki Square", named for the Battle of Grunwald) Museum of Architecture
Transport
Wrocław has easy access to the A4 motorway, which allows for quick connection with Upper Silesia, Kraków and finally Ukraine to the east and Dresden and Berlin to the west. Now an A8 motorway (Wrocław ring road) and S8 express road are being built, which will connect Wrocław and Warsaw. The city is served by Wrocław International Airport and a river port. Public transport in Wrocław consists of many bus lines and over 20 tram lines operated by MPK (Miejskie Przedsiębiorstwo Komunikacyjne/The Municipal Transport Company). Today, a fast tram line is being built to connect the eastern part of city with the stadium and airport.
Major corporations
AB SA, Wrocław American Restaurants sp. z o.o.,
Wrocław Cargill Poland CH Robinson Worldwide,
Wroclaw DeLaval Operations Poland Sp. z o. o.
Europejski Fundusz Leasingowy SA,
Wrocław Fortum Wrocław S.A.,
Wrocław Google,
Wrocław Grupa Lukas,
Wrocław Hewlett Packard,
Wrocław Hologram Industries Polska Hutmen SA,
Wrocław Impel SA,
Wrocław Intakus SA,
Wrocław Kinnarps Poland Sp z.o.o
KOGENERACJA S.A.,
Wrocław Microsoft Militaria.pl,
Wrocław MSI (Micro Star International) Polska Sp. z o. o.
Nokia Siemens Networks Sp z o.o
Polifarb Cieszyn-Wrocław SA,
Wrocław SAP Polska Siemens,
Wrocław Swiftway / Eureka Solutions sp. z o.o.,
Wrocław Telefonia Dialog SA,
Wrocław Tieto,
Wrocław UPM Raflatac Volvo Polska sp. z o.o.,
Wrocław WABCO Polska,
Wrocław Whirlpool Polar Wrozamet SA,
Wrocław Zender sp. z o.o.
niedziela, 24 kwietnia 2011, lukegiles
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